1. No category

\np`²Š~H16Uã/M¡oI~MÅ4–
&()'+32#!"%-.0*1$20,/4
R D
¼
}
"!$&#%
#
+
+
'_Hf):>Øÿ:!Ó2SIs­HÕ:!Iã/?73Ž>:>‰˜3E†9V
UDD!8VSI?7I×& iYß0U>OI܁HRU×&߆!<GX@!ã/M¡o
ImŽ$YëF<UšÇ3Ân9VÛO>#"€ÇJ!=IR/Gã/M¡o3!~”øI”
`E:C']ŠGU({¥Y‹<UI2E./‡<{æIˆ!<DH8IQHž<U»¨3C
*9VC.U\np`²Š~I¦šY'“#¹X<UPID-U"
)ã/M¡o*E./½ç—±J!<DH3ÍH1.CÄ5^OSVC1T!8I½ç—
±Hž<U‡<H8:C!~”HRU“·PKy9VC.U$"}hH!ã/M¡oHž<U
t1J!ã/M¡o33ŒIO±˜E9VC.U8E2S%!3ŒHž<U¤JH:>3AC
“·9VU"N>!ã/M¡oYü=E:Cbx:!8VHž<U¤JH:>3ACt1Y“
·:>M/3N+GúË3öG5G.E<UñŽGÞLPG9VC.U&">?!=VSI¦
šJ!ã/M¡oE./½ç—±J5Ö<UE:CP!=VJ~”øI”`DJG.!E./
QH1.C«I:C.U'"
P@WZ!X3ÍHJã/M¡oHž<U~#UJ5Ö:G."~“ê—IڃJ!½ç—
!
!
!
±Hž:C);C.Ut1YŒaG¾T¢5I~#UI“êHRT“·<U8ED-U2S!
#
Sy}ù)
)¡ou‰*³%Iõ<*~…apcg¬:—£Ž'è’#å0—(%
%Ê'#w'#
+
++_(!Æ
R›)…~"Iå”Ei[th#fu_sjntg*lƒ‘~"&"š(Ê#&w'$
""
&_(!Ù|gocg#
k$qf]tbc®‚r)GÏ|ÌX3ÍI)¡ou‰*­•HÃ6C*GÏrl$g'
#Ê$
(w'$
""
'_(
GF"
$
>E0K!g˜E:C!HˆA}Ôgó÷€ßrv%#
"_"
%¸#"\g·'g˜e^md+
+
'Ê#
)
'w(3-U"
Yg·J!î¬~" Y 3!
)âýBÁªþÎô*E<<Uô„Y.C¡o¯Y{ï:!X SJ8I{
ïH‡;!âýBkHðCU8EY†ME:C Y H8:¯-Y¡o:>3!=IÀõáûHRTâý
B¶‘3[Ð:>>OH!X S3¡o¯IzœY§O>áyHB4!
)ZJI¿"G.:?7H8<U¡qJ!
}hH!3Œ²ŠD-UE“9VUE8W!¡qHÕ:C!¡qéE¡qYí6UéEIH1.C!}J
I°7MG†MG.:ÚT3Š49VC.>úËHJ!VáéI{ÝY6ñ:!¡qYí6>éJ‚†MG
.:ÚTYòìG.:’È<L4¥‚'т(Yp.!¡qYí6>é38VY9A>E4HJ‚¡qY¡
qéHzœ<UàIŠ43-UE“<UI32VD-T!:>3AC!‚IR/GúËH16U3ŒJp>
o3ŒHGU*!E<Ug@Yä:!ã/M¡oHž<U‡<J'p>o(3ŒHž<U¤JH:>3AC“
·<U8EYKy:C.U"N>!—,DJ!‹W„})¡o*²Š~7µ™Èz€’x+²Š~7µv'3
Œ#ed(
,#w'#+
($_(3!
'ã/M(¡oHž<U‡<Y3ŒG.:ü=Hž<U¤JH:>3AC“
·<U8EYKy:C.U"
%
Ò›+~É¥w%$ Ѻ•šDš},$
$
$w'#
+
')_!ŸcôP(Q!(ٙ+²Š~,$
$
&w'#+
)&
_!‹j–(GF!ã/M¡oJ3ŒI;}IO±˜E:C©7SVC.U"
&
‹W#.´*w"
'
‹W#.´+w&#
"w"
%(
%%
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
ºÙõ‹0M‰@Z2Ý^!ßFL3?ÍëM‰@ZŽó^€Á@Z=JI€œ@ZJ34¶
Ó½æO!—UHå÷I2Z"
?7?!AN=JJ!.ºÙõ‹0/J34ƒ$O7NÊNƒ$IOL3!‡£@[P!7
õ¥Q^C?L3ƒ$I2ZJ34=JJO!ae%nIP[ZNI2\47"JY]<!
‹0N.ºÙÔ/O!{N7õ¥QVC?L3ƒ$LNI2\47"7FH§ïÅD•ÂO!
CȚAJ<ȚAJN™5NÄKÔ^Ü5X[!7NÊNƒ$J?HN.<ÈÔ/Nt^
=„M>[B)"VD\_!o%j7N7ÒöM63H@IMÄKLt^C?H3B<ÈÔ
J*!]8¯N7ÒöM63H:C£‘>[B=JNL3ºÙÔJO+RZR:VL38!2
Z3OºÙÔVSB{X7N7õ¥Q^C@ZNIOL37JEá?!=[^žø@Z=JO
“>[ZNIOL37"W?_P!|õM7õ¥QOL3J34T8ûX[BJ?HV!
A[LXP!°¤7†M63HºÙÔJ34ƒ$^vØ«[email protected]=J8„"
>[BJ34tO´Z"
qÊNW4L(ä1MŒ8õˆáNHÞ^ò@Z)?êt¾Ny!ǂ¯N7Òö^¡@
»!`kmd7NïMºÙÔM‰@Z£‘^¡Z=J8I9Z"@L]D!é%¼¹P,Primary
Sources-IOL38!é&¼¹P,Secondary Materials-J?H±V­3Ÿs^VF+!é&¼
šA7mfhaikpi8!AN,
$Ì&¬M63H!"charitable subscription#
!FSY.ºÙ
õ‹0/J34£J^I3H3ZNI2Z"ùÌO`kmdN&R7Ê"UX[H9BAàõ
˜'£,promissory estoppel-N7L^Õ3z?BVNI2ZJ>[,!`kmdšA7M63
HšAN7õ©àQMè9Lx–F5ZAw,consideration-7L^Ã×@ZÄKLKÛJ?
HrîG<X[H3Z"A4I2ZJ@[P!ù7LM63H£‘>[ZºÙõ‹0L3?º
ÙÔ,charitable-J34ƒ$O!2Z3OšAN7õ©àQM{X7Nx–^F5Zƒ$IO
L37J34=J8Ïá>[Z"
A=I9ªO!=NW4LÏáNy!.ºÙõ‹0/L3?.ºÙÔ/J34ƒ$8!`k
mdšA7M63H!šAN7õ©àQMF5Bx–MF3H!&R6WQé%¼$é&¼š
A7mfhaikpiïÎJ?BÖL$žø^¸TZVNI2Z"VJWY!elpo%›M
â@Z`kmd7J!èM7›Mâ@Z]8¯N7O!ÒöM63Hè9:uLEH6Y!`
kmd7NT^ANSS²ÉI9Z]<IOL3"BC!ÒöN%¤M2Zƒ$MF3HO
”ñ@ZË®V2Y!ANW4LË®MO²ÉVCtI2Z"?7?!ANË®IV!!{
!
!
!
M?Hþ97NãN7Òö^I3H²É?BüG^¿¢I9Z78žø>[L<[PLXL
3"BC!9ªO`kmdšA7NT^ÖLžø@Z=J^>õJ?!²ÉNÑ,!6WQ!
=[8Ñ">[ZË®N¿¢67MF3HO!ANìÆ^·ô@ZMJKU!¤þN ’~ê
J?B3"
)
TªOäÐ2Z8!BJ5P!§ïÅD.šA6WQšA7NŠÚLT&CȚAJ<ȚAJN™5^U
*
}Ê×ý0SµNïN;7 o%j7JNçU1&
)
$4'&
)%4(&
$
$%#!þ9/TÀ)"
+
M#L#
e%bp$K#
C#
cngp(³9ÍíB)
0ÿ@
,
-¦)D0`kmdšA7*é&(+
1,
(4(&
$
$
+#!¨3ú)
"
;EH&/
0šA7N ’*é((+
1'4(%
,
)
*#!C*…)
"
`kmd7NðR61&
&'4(%
,,
(#!Õ3ú)
"
&)
(&
X]^Y€ëãG.3S™²ÅuÝHãň¸ú
,!(*+)087%"#'235.6&75149%-$'/:
!!')*(-43$"#&./1+2%0,
™²ÅuÝ&charitable subscription'Hãň¸úGt8SX]^YãHyûW“¤8S±
G!·ï&gift'Gt8SX]^YãHÑ©GA+C†z7!™²ÅuÝGt8SŸqHÄx
B3WŒ,"
/RG A 0 B Gº7¿¯Ó\_Z`[E7CšW*4=0!‡GF@C‹-Â7!<H
šWà8P,G B G°{7=E8S"5H§GÓåãDê½E6TSHI!AB sH·ï
€ëHãň¸úD*S"ERV3!·ï€ëHÇlGt8Sèã)
)
$¨HÆñ0ê½E6T
SD*U,"ALR!A H°{I€ëã¦Hê½E7C¢ö6TSV3D*S"
5TGº7!X]^YãG.+C·ï€ëHãň¸ú0ê½E6TS5EIF+"F;F
QJ!X]^YãG.+C€ëH‰®ó´E6TSë¸&promise'0%$!AB sGI¹‘7F
+/QD*S"5H§GX]^YãG.+Cê½E6TSHI!šHgË7&delivery'
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
GPRÙ¯7= A /Q B KH…H’”ÅôhHdÉ&present transfer of an interest in property'
W!A 0Çl8S&revocation'5E0kÖ/E+,ÊD*S"ALR!A H°{I’”ã¦
&law of property'Hê½E7C¢ö6TSHD*S%%"
ÓåãEÛo8SE!X]^YãI€ëH®÷Gª F–¬WESE6TC+S%&"(A H B
Gº8S\_Z`[)E+,!ÓåãDI$*Sbæ̳G%€ëH®÷Wbæ8SŒc0!
X]^YãG.+CI€ëEÜj6TF+HI!5HP,F–¬GPSNHD*U,"X]^
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Y€ëãG.+Cê½E6TSHI!·ïHë¸HMFHD*S%'"
!
!
!
6C!aiG.+C“¤8SyûI!X]^Y€ëãG.3S™²ÅuÝGt8SyûD*
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
S"ALR!<5DÕÎGÁ/TC+S™²ÅuÝEI!™²ÅuÝHë¸D*R!…H™
²ÅuÝDIF+"V0G.+C™²ÅuÝE+-J!mÎDHá}!8FV?…H™²
ÅuÝ0µ¶6TSD*U,"7/7!<5Gë¸0¹‘7F+a¦!mÎDHá}IX]^
Y€ëã¦H"charitable subscription#DIF+"
=>!±¡7=P,G!€ëHãň¸úGt8SyûG.+CX]^YãHP,F~ÞW
Œ,5EI!V0DIeÚÅDF+"<5D!åŠDI"charitable subscription#W(™²
ÅuÝHë¸)EIì69!*-C¾ÅG(™²ÅuÝ)Eì8S5EG8S"7/7!<5
Dñ+QTS(™²ÅuÝ)E+,†òI!„çGI(™²ÅuÝHë¸)Wbæ8S5EW!
55D.ÀR7C.2%("
%
$
Restatement$Second%of Contract §%
$%
,
%%
.
%
%
Farnsworth, Contracts §&.),)'#)
(
$(th ed.&
$
$
(%
. F.!’”ã¦I!gË7GPR·ï0pù8SE!<Hg
Ë7WÇl8S5EID1F+E6TS"<HöîGA1!Fuller, Consideration and Form,(
%Colum. L. Rev.
+
-$,,$
$#,$
*$%
(
%%I!gË7I!Òf&seal'EÐðH⛭&formality'Wí8SE+,|ÃԜ0*R!
L=!·ïžGº7C·ïE+,ŒcH ó­WԜ6:!ƒøO¥ÏGPS·ïWä—8SE+,‚ŽE
7CHwÖ0v»6TS/QD*SE8S"
%
&
Farnsworth, op. cit. §'.%
$,%'
%#'
&.
%
'
Ibid . §&.),)
'. N@EN!Perillo, Calamari and Perillo on Contracts §%.&,'$*th ed.&
$
$-%I!€ëEõŒMH
b&executed agreement'EH~ÞIíñD*S0!7/7„nFNHDIF+E8S"L=!~ÞHrü
W«S5E0!ÍeØ×ã&Uniform Sales Act'G¼VR!Íe£˜ãÈ&Uniform Commercial Code'Wߕ
7=5EHeAHéÅE6TC+=E8S"
#*
)#
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
!!($)%"'&#%*
@L5ó£æOK€=X\cd^&2UO!]_d`'5L­ëLú×M!@n(consideration)5KLè²G.XH/ZYF/X%)"
ì&¼@5d`a]bceb%ÖM!*@HM%›P@M%äL@æG.CF!?Ll
!Kê;F54‡¯[F1!P@MvV3LG?LJ§„<H;FüRXSL[/0+
!H
=X"?YGM!/3JX@æKê;F5ó‡¯4F1VY!/3JX@æKê;F?Y4$
ò:YXL3"9Y[ÿï=X­SÇHJÊ[email protected]:YX%*"=JZB!ød`a
]bceb%
+ÖM!H½@JILú1JÕª[Î5!@&@æ'45ó£æO[B=X@
RKM!@nLè²4(HG.X·[ƒò=XLG.X"
?YGM!@nHMv3"ì&¼@5d`a]bceb+
%Ö%¨M!@n4¥Ü:YX@
RKM!&@æKê;F'J§P@M!ê@æ4Ÿ}óKÃo:Y(bargain for)J7YNJV
J/·[ƒò=X%+"?9G!9LƒòK;@41N!¿¾óKQFÅ@À4“¯óJÈé[
,î;J/=Ï@æ(gratuitous promise)KM!m#óK™1N!Ÿ}óÃoLêÓG.XÅ
@ÀLJ§&@ægxL§j!*³j!5M€Làò#2¤#wÒ'J/;!ê@æ4è²
;J/3V!@n4¥Ü:Y>!?L5ó£æOMüRVYJ/"
m#K!ëL5’L5ÚöK2/FS!&BϏ@H%{=XH'=Ϗ@L5ó£æOM
ÁRVYF/X"ëL5’LsÆÍ«L5ÚöK2/F!=Ϗ@LôŽG.XåF@M!
mòL—zJ4½['1J7YN!?L5ó£æO4üRVYF/J/"†K™1N!9YV
L5ÚöK2/F!åF@L5ó£æO4ÁRVYF/XLM!åF@4=Ϗ@G.X
3VG.X%,"
9YKê;!@æL5ó£æOK€=XšW!=ÏH/0yþM!\cd^5K2/FM?
%(
Ñ7¢D*ìû¼@5d`a]bceb¸A&û'
+;Ð5´¹-(|)©%&
%0GS!
"charitable subscription#
!
!
M!*»âó‚+@æ+HA:YF/X"
%)
& #á‘,&0"
%*
& #á‘,,0%$0M!\cd^K2/F@n5K4@5ÔÇHJhðE7[:YF/X¬ˆH;F!
&%'NØL?íH5L?íH[Œ1=X@R!
&&'@5ÔL3ž[Ÿ}óÃoL3žKšò=X@R!
2UO&''°ÿÌKpG;T=6!P@÷ºÀ3V–FSÿïLEç4D5T=/…~óJH”[®G=
X@R!H/0µõ[‰8X"
%+
! !
! !
"bargain for#[*Ÿ}óKÃo=X+HA=XKCM!œÉ=XU0K!ì&¼@5d`a]bceb+
%
Ö4!
"in exchange#["bargain for#¥ÜHãH;Fhð+7F/X3VG.X"¿±!9YHMkJXh
ðE7[=Xì%¼@5d`a]bcebL8AK2/FM&9rµ¼,Pw/«@5-'
'0&%
)+ý!
¡.ù''!"bargain for#M*ÃoL>óH=X+HA:YF2W!
*Ÿ}ó+H/0HãM–÷@VJ/"SC
HS!Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.), n.,M!@æL5ó£æO[-ß=XK±;FM!
*Ÿ}ó+H/0Hã["bargain for#HM1›Kf0(HÛ[Âñ=X"7¦K2/FM!?L(HÛ[Kw;@01G!˜²L6.
•K2/Fm#óG.X*Ÿ}óKÃo=X+H/0A[G/X9HH=X"
%,
ëL5’LsÆÍ«L5ÚöH%{=XH!Z4«L5ÚöM!=Ϗ@H:YXåF@KUWŠ/5ó
£æO[üRF/X";3;!9L9HM!Z4«L5ÚöK2/F!@L=ÏÛ4?L5ó£æOKF
1Xq‹MUWšòóG.X!H/09H[i:=XZ7GMJ/"IÝ#á‘&(
+0guM!Z4«K2/
FM*„K+#
*t+UWÞ<XåF!/ZN*„<óåF+4)"K§ZYF2W!.XÄLBÏÛ[B=
X9LÄLåFK5ó£æO[üRX@RK!;5MåF@K&%{ó'Š/£æO[üRF/XLAH
=X";@4CF!TMWZ4«2/FS!ËÙJ=ÏÛM!@L5ó£æO[ÁRXHãH;FKw;
FU/LGMJ/3H¶ZYX"
$*
*$
Y_`[~ÕÎG.3T”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜ
UKE°1FfÏX•@W3CIF+#+"Y_`[ÎH½¾GQUJ!џժGλ…ªÜ
0ÄORUF+HI!<Hџ¥H=OCIF2!Õi0†¦5UB+F+/RD5UTHC
*T"
Y_`[ÎG.3T4HQ,F¤I!”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜGq8TxßH¸GPÒm
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
GÂM›T4D0C1T"8FW>!Y_`[ÎI”¨»tÈXџժH¼}De¶È3B
+T0!<UGP//WR9!<Hџ¥XŠyG”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜXǹ8TÅÞI
«:9!N6V­2HÅÞH¸G!ŒÅž0”¨»tÈGλ…ªÜ0ÄORUT4DX§
ºD6!<HÛ×È3G{¡8T0B›UTHC*T$""
!!*,/'1$2/(-3#&"%)0+$0.
&#'6/6!¬ÍG.+B!|SÌ84DGFT0!Y_`[~ÕÎG.+BP!”¨»t
ÈIџժH¼}C*TD5UT"L=!”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜ0Ô²D5U=ƒ€8T
ÅÞH“cXBP!”¨´®HڈF+6ƯժD”¨»tÈD0„o»G›j5U=4
DX—8ÒmF“™I«6F+"6=0?B!§H±$–~ÕÎ`\]Z^_b^)
# #
‰G6=0+ÕiHÖÑX³»Gŵ8TFRJ!ÕiI«6F+D6B!<Hλ…ªÜ
Iǹ5UTDP‘WUT"
D4V0!ÅÞH­2I!”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜXÄOB+THC*T"P?DP!<H
Û×IhØCIF+"dk!ÅÞG—5UTÛ×X&@HÊÝG°Ë8T"
&$'±hHÊÝI!”¨´®0É?B+T!&tȎXrN'˜RHŽX”¨»FÓ»
GÙ+TwÐ$#!F+6!Á¹H”¨n¿X£¢8TwÐ$$G·Ó6!4U0”¨´®HƯÕ
ªG*=TD6B!ÕiÎÛGsA1!”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜXÄOTD+,ÅÞC*T"
6/6!‚ŒÅžG.+B!4HQ,FÛ×0‹Ù5UT4DIF+"F;FRJ!4HQ
,FÛ×I!u«HwÐHڈIÕiX†¦6F+D8T!u«wÐHa$a(pre-existing duty
rule)GgÆ8TD‡-RUB+T/RC*T$%"
&%'±ÃHÊÝI!tȚD”¨´®DHpC„o»›j0ˆWUTHCIF2!tȚp
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
G.+B!@LS!À7”¨´®G¯8T*TtȚD<HšdlHtȚDHpC©ÍH”
¨»tÈ0&F+6!”¨»tÈD¬HtȚHڈD0'„o»G›j5UB+TD6B!
ÕiÎÛGsA1!”¨»tÈHλ…ªÜXÄOTD+,ÅÞC*T$&"
±$–~ÕÎ`\]Z^_b^)
# &‰I!œÕšdlHšPڈL=IƯժXºz8
T4D0C1T’Xv¹8T$'"6=0?B!&tȚH”¨´®G¯8T'Õª0!¬HtÈ
šHڈF+6ƯժD„o»G›j5UB+TFRJ!Õi0†¦5UT4DIpg+F
#
+
Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.','
%.
$
"
Ibid . §$.#
+,+#.
$
#
In re Griswold’s Estate,#
#
%Neb.$
'(,$
"
$N.W.$
'
),#
()N.E.&%
&
&#
+
$+'.
$
$
I. & I. Holding Corp. v. Gainsburg,$
)
(N.Y#
&
$
),#
$N.E#
$d'
%$,#
#
'ALR'*
$
&#
+
%*'.
$
%
Perillo, op. cit. §(.$
&d'
,$
$
(.
$
&
First Presbyterian Church v. Dennis,#
)
*Iowa#
%
'
$,#
(#N.W.#*
%&#+
#)'; Congregation B’Nai Sholom v. Martin,%
*
$
Mich.('
+,#)%N.W.$d'
"
&
&#
+
(
+'
; Floyd v. Christian Church,$+(Ky.#+
(,#)(S.W.$d#
$
'&#+
&%'.
%(
)%
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
,"808!óÊI!<6GŒuÑ¥k1–9SH0!D,-ÒC+S"6H|óGÕ.S
=MGI!)ŒuÑG¥k9S*6D!9FV>"bargain for#D,-pÞHf}WñqG9S
çù1+S"
É& ˆôïb\]Y^ad^+
%²&“I!ôÀ£1ôÀD)ŒuG*
'in exchange(û‘
K=IäÅôÀWM!0@!ôÀD)ŒuG*
'in exchange(û‘K=IäÅôÀ1Ђ7
TS6D1!"bargain for#W·9SšWzÏ9S&*"6HzÏ0Q.SG!"in exchange#
D,-ù¼1!"bargain for#D,-pÞGD?B«ùFù¼C+S6D1wh,F,"<TC
I!"in exchange#DIEHP-F³ÆWfð9SHC+U-0"
i@H.D8B!~vÑGLBôÀDû‘F,8äÅôÀ1Œu7TB,TJ!<TQI
"in exchange#7T=D9Süo1+S&+"@KR!%a&ôÀHÚö#¶¡0Q.B!<T
1ÙÏHû‘F,8äÅôÀH–WºÐD8B/R!0@!%b&¢•G<Hû‘F,8äÅ
ôÀ1Ђ7T=ŸGI!ôÀDû‘F,8äÅôÀ1"in exchange#7T=D9SüoC+
S"8=1?B!6HüoGPTJ!ԝ£1<HP-FŒuW‘-f˜Wõ8B,S0æ0
!
!
!
!
!
IóÊD7TF,"0RGËô£1ôÀDŒuGäÅôÀWM=1!§ô£IäÅôÀW9
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
S6DF3!<HÚöWû‘8B8K?=±”%Ëô£Hf˜DIgFSŒu1‘VTB,S
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
±”&O!Ëô£1ôÀDŒuGäÅôÀWM=1!§ô£I<HP-FôÀH–WÍQ
!
!
:G%=K=K&äÅôÀWЂ8B,=±”%§ô£GŒuHf˜1F,±”&C+?BN!
"in exchange#7T=Düo7T&,!"bargain for#1‘VTB,SDèm7TS"
"in exchange#1e°HP-Güo7TSFQJ!¯F3DNÛµe°Hyê£1îª7T
S%@KR!…MBiåÑF&`Xd_#cY[dZsÖG/,B!"in exchange#W‹¬9
6DIénßCIF,"D,-HN!<6G/4Sž»ÑyêI!ÃHž»ÑyêH–D¾
K?B!ž»sÖH¿´D,-òÑW­MBÌ·9S6D1C2SD,-¶¡Wõ8B,S0
QC+S&-"º‰Hã!HÎGI!6HP-F¶¡WñqG9S=MG!ž»ÑyêW!)ÃH
£1›D×÷Gyê9SFQJ!›Nyê9S*D,-ÚöHôÀDÏ}A4Sã!N+S'$"
8=1?B!Ù¦F³ƒW®4J!ž»ÑyêCI"bargain for#1‘VTB,S6DGFR!
ôjïüGxA,B!<HïюÀÿ13ÜMQTSD,-Š#GœS"
&)
OOoRG3,HC!!W+5B¹ñ9S"0RGठA DᤠB 1dž™ëG@2‡‘ C Wúø8=¥k
8=D9S"6HŸ A I C GÅ8B!ᤠB 1òÑìW A Gk2Ó;J!C GÅ8BdžW™ë-!D,
-ôÀW9S1!A HôÀHôjC+SòÑìHkÓ8I!§ô£C+S C CIF3!ɗ£C+S B 0Q
Ђ7TSHC+S"
&*
É& ˆôïb\]Y^ad^+
%²&“
û‘K=IäÅôÀI!<T1ôÀ£GP?BôÀDŒuGMQT!0@!§ô£GP?BôÀ£HôÀ
DŒuGЂ7TS±”G!ŒuÑG¥k7T=6DGFS'A performance or a return promise is bargained for
if it is sought by the promisor in exchange for his promise and is given by his promisee in exchange for that promise.(
"
&+
Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.*,)
).
&,
Ibid .
&-
0RGÈr1½ý%
$
$¨ÝH{ޝ„D8B"€l8=’ØWí©9S=MG!Á„¸GÅ8B3ž»Ñy
êWîª8=D9S"6H±”!iµHž»ÑyêGPRí©1tþ9SV4CF,6DI!~vÑGñâ
C+U-"Ä3Hž»Ñyê1F7TS6DGPR!<HòÑ1Ì·7TSHC+S"@KR!66G/4
Sž»ÑyêDI!ÃHž»ÑyêH–WºÐD9Sž»ÑyêFHC+S"
'$
Floyd v. Christian Church,&
*Ky.%
*,%
+
*S.W.&d%
&
)
%%
('&.
$*
,$
WdfZˆÛ×D.3PŸ¸Å|ÒE׌¼å
4QD¿6!!bargain for"TÛoE“³ßºA6?kÁÒ3:š«E±ÓA5QPYf
iV$#a$c\̞(Oliver Holmes)F%#!!bargain for"AF!Û¼0ÛoTÜp6(induce)
&>IO!Û¼E½œ0ÛoEæ0ÛoTĂ7PÆ}(motivation)ACO'
!Ç¡D!
Ûo0Û¼TÜp7PA+,!»ŽÞ²(reciprocity)TØ¥A7PuÊ@*PA7P%$"4
Ea$c\̞0£6:!+SGÆ}E™AL+,H1¯„F!·‰EÀ$¢ˆÛ×f[^
X_dh_)
#®$–@F!bargain for"E“³ßºA5Q?+C+M,DL‹-P"4E4A
TBEM,Dâr7H1@*R,/"
9E¨w/OF!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_E{AC=:!À#¢ˆÛ×f[^X_d
h_EÂDJP4A0@1P"9L9L!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®F!À#¢ˆÛ
×f[^X_dh_)
'®Tp1Š+;®ÔA5Q?+P0%%!®ÔEԌ­!ä¦EÀ7P
ÛoE“³ßºFmC=?+P"7CS<!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®#–0!bargain
for"EJTÛoE“³ßºA7PED¿6!À#¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
'®#–F!Û
oE“³ßºA6?!bargain for"A!&sought and given'in exchange"TÕ~6?+PE@*
P%&">IO!Øà!bargain for"A!in exchange"F!&ALDÛoE“³ßº@*P'֍
EuÊ@*O!·¦Fa$c\̞0£6:Æ}E™T°A7PuÊA6?!¦F!Û
¼Aá•C+6Í¿Û¼AEyÅCxT°A7PuÊA6?âr5Q?+:E@*
P%'"
9Q@F!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®$–0!!in exchange"T!bargain for"E“
³ßºA6:4ADMO!a$c\̞0£6:Æ}E™A+,ߺF!!bargain for"E“
³ßº/N¤SQ:E@*R,/"À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_Efb$]$(Reporter)
@L*PWeh#`V$h\g$[ƒ©(E. Allan Farnsworth)F!4QTÚvDÎÃ7P"
7CS<!ǃ©F!!in exchange"A!bargain for"AFÚvD…Ö5QPH1uÊ@*O!
À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®$–0!in exchange"T!bargain for"E“³ßºDÙK
˜U;4AF!ÑqC†¹AÐ7PH1@*PA7P%("I:!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh
_0‘Ï5Q:jL!a$c\̞E!bargain for"D¿7PârF!¾2E›Ì¬D.+
?n 5Q?+PA5QP%)"
j­EÉÝT´—ÅDâr7PCNG!¢EM,DCP@*R,"I8!À$¢ˆÛ×f[
^X_dh_)
#®#–DMQG!ÛoE“³ßºF!Û¼Aá•C+6Í¿Û¼A0!bargain
for"5Q?+P4A@*P"96?!À$¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®$–DMQG!!bargain for"05QP:KDF!&a'Û¼EÉÝ#²¥/N”-?!9Q0ÈÃEá•C+6Í
%
#
Gilmore, The Death of Contract#
+%$
#
&#
+
)
&'
.
%
$
O. Holmes, The Common Law$
+
%%$
+
&
&#
*
*
#'
.
%
%
Restatement&Second'of Contract §)
#reporter’s note&#+
*
#'
.
%
&
À#¢ˆÛ×f[^X_dh_)
#®#–
Û¼D¿7PÛoAF!Û¼A§p5Q!/>!Û¼AxÅDĂ5QP!Û¼jtE•l!ѝl!×
ãz‡E¶Ã#ªµ#ËsI:FÍ¿Û¼@*P(Consideration for a promise is an act other than a promise, or a
forbearance, or the creation, modification, or destruction of a legal relation, or a return promise, bargained for and given
in exchange for the promise.)
"
%
'
Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.', n.*.
%
(
Ibid .
%
)
Perillo, op. cit. §(.#,$
#
+.
%(
+%
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
°Ò¬G­V©ºD7B/Q!%b&–ŒF<GهE,7Ç°Ò¬1ºv6S!0@!%c&
Ò¬DهE,7Ç°Ò¬1!/,GÀoFE?B,E4SIEPE,!D,-5DFE
R&+"
5G¹tV©ºD7B!”ª»nÊF/,B!bargain for"
!9EU>ƒk»™d1„3‡U
SB,R0VhMB{¿9R"K:!©7=O-F!bÈ»E\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF
°7BE6SR”ª»nÊF!Ÿq%a&/OJ%b&G׫V|œ95DHfÅC+T-"
707!ѳH%c&G׫C+R"i0F!\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF/,BH!®G
nʗGهE,7Ò¬1”ª»nÊGÀoDER ˆ1+R&,"707!55CѳD6S
RGH!ÀoGƒ‹C+R"@KQ!´Ò—G”ª»nÊ1!®GnʗGهE,7Ò¬G
ÀoDE?B,E4SIEPE,"7=1?B!®Gnʗ1هE,7Ò¬Vºv7=‚!
´Ò—1”ª»nÊV‡?B,R ˆF!©—H‚—GÀoDER1!‚—H©—GÀoDE
Q.E,"<-C+RD9REPI!\W^[#]XZ^YjÀF/,BÀoGƒ‹1­9
RGH!Ë¥Gnʗ1”ª»nÊFŒ7B/,G`’ViÄ7+.R¢x1­9R ˆ
GLC+T-"5GO-E¢xH!%¶a1yMB€¹6SB,RO-E&
žpÐE\W^[#
]XZ^YjÀVÍD9SI'#!¸¡H§8.E,"7=1?B!bÈ»E\W^[#]XZ
^YjÀF°7BE6SR”ª»nÊF%c&G׫V|œ95DH!‰ÂC+T-"
_ŸGO-E†ŽKDMREPI!nʗlCƒk»™d1‡USB,R5DVŠuD7B!
ÒcÎÚFmA2!”ª»nÊGλ…¬ÛVÄMO-D9R²ÃGÌÜF±Í6SRÆÝH!
€¹»E¢xGeCHÚÕÊ4DERNGG!”ª»nÊGλ…¬ÛVbÈ»FÄMRŠu
D7BH¼¨CHE,'$"
%'&_ŸG²bGÌÜ!/OJ!²ÃGÌÜH!½¾»EÒcÎÚFmA,B”ª»nÊG
λ…¬ÛVÄMO-D7=GF°7!²GÌÜH!½¾»EÒcÎÚF°9Rš¦GÀ2
G·C•6S=ÆÝC+R'%"9EU>!5SPGÆÝH!Ò¬»zÇ~'promissory estoppel(
GÎÚFmA,B!”ª»nÊGλ…¬ÛVÄMB,RGC+R"707!5SPGÆÝF
HsÑ1R'&"
&+
7=1?B!
!bargain for"V)ƒk»F™d9R*D9RÓH!
!bargain for"1Ô9R׫V»iFÉ}7
=ÓC+RD,.O-"
&,
0QF!ÁÖG”ªjÀV‡?B,Rµ¯ A Dµ¯ B 1­7!C 1 A D B G,:S0F”ª»nÊV7
O-D7B,RD9R"5GD2!A F°7BH®G¤1”ª»nÊV‡?B,R1!B F°7BH”ª»
nÊ1‡USB,E0?=EPI!¸¡ C H A F°7B”ª»nÊV‡-"E;EPI!®G¤FOR”ª
»nÊG­1!A F°9R£ØV˜r9R0PC+R"@KQ!<GO-E”ª»nÊG­1!C G”
ª»nÊGÀoDE?B,RGC+R"
'#
=D.I!Floyd v. Christian Church,%
,
)Ky.$
,
),$
*
)S.W.%d$
%
(%$,
'&&G“ÝC+R"5G“ÝGO-F!
¶aGwgF°9R”ª»nÊG ˆ!nʗH¸¡<G¶aG›ÏF€¹6SB/Q!nʗÁ‘%›Ï
Á‘&C”ª»nÊF@,BÞ7ˆ-ogN+RC+T-"
'$
Perillo, op. cit. §).%
%d&
,%
%
).
'%
Danby v. Osteopathic Hosp. Ass’n,&
'Del. Ch.'
%
*,$
#
'A.%d,
#
&%$
,(
'&; Estate of Timko v. Oral Roberts Evangelistic Ass’n,($Mich. App.)
)
%,%
$
(N.W.%d*
(
#%$
,
*
'&; Allegheny College v. National Chautauqua County Bank,%
')
N.Y.&
),,$
(,N.E.$
*
&,(
*ALR,
+
#
%$
,
%
*&
.
'&
Perillo, op. cit. §).%
%d&
,%
%
)$%
*.
$*
#$
_mna—-(J06XµÖíŒ#K(í£Ú:
ïòíI-Úí“üŸK(7JUYM!7K(7J‹D-E(í£Ú:2ùRVYXKL!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
¾-¼&P?L⮼'2-Ú\É5:EøëK¦ô\GW!>K¦ôJUW"6{\þB?
ħF,XG8YX">:E!77F-.*-Ú\É5:E+GL!S:>K-Ú2I1B?
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
V!ºªJGB?¦ôGLtIX¦ô\GBE-?!G-.7G\s*;XG8YE-X&&"
8E!êÅ!µÖåÞL!µÖˆôK̦šƒ\­Ï:?./F!>YJÿ3I³”\ÀR
X?RJk^pi#o`dpbˆô\¦."7Kˆô2¡\×:!µÖíŒ#2¦[Y?G:
ES!>YJUWµÖåÞ2„RE~V1K¦ô\GXKFLI5!;FJ›RVY?šƒJ
:?2BE!Œ#¬¯\2-Eˆô\̦;X@6F,X"SAZ]!Œ#¼KvË2øëK
µÖˆôJÿ3I³”Ká$%\ì;X-Ú\;XħKU.J!øëKµÖíŒ#K.+
2ˆôK̦Já3Iy‘\O;ħ!-[M!>KµÖíŒ#2µÖˆôK*Óö¼+í
,‡\äBE-XħJL!>KU.I-Ú2I6YMµÖåÞLtIB?¦ô\GBE-?
&0>V5L!>S>Sñ†µÖˆô\¦[I-'F,Z.1V!7K(7JUW(í£Ú:
2ùRVYX0çL,X&'"
:1:!výíIk^pi#o`dpbˆôJ0-E!>KU.I´Æ2Û;X7GL’R
!
!
!
!
E<…íF,XG-[9X\÷I-"µÖíŒ#L¸úíIŒ#¬¯KìFI6YMIVI
-G8YX&(":?2BE!Œ#¼KÙ2ÓöíI,‡\ä.7G2!¸úÎK7Øí1C)
4íIúž˜àF,W!;I[A!7Øí1C)4íIµÖíŒ#F,X7GLŠu-I-"
:1:!žº;–G:EKµÖíŒ#\XG3!¸úÎL!Ý5KµÖåÞ21$Ik^p
i#o`dpbˆô\¦.èF!Œ#¼2-<Y1Kˆô\Ôã;XG-.˜F!YXJ‚4
I-7G\ù¹=9X\÷I-">KU.Iù¹\ÑW»E!7ؘG:EKµÖíŒ#KQ
\¤9KßÂG;XKF,YM'æ!â®K%;Já'8YXû<S!µÖíŒ#K(í£Ú
:\výíJùRX¨ŽG:ELîÑFLI-G-.œ=J±X&)"
&''rÃK%CK%;1V[1XU.J!û<2·;7/L!øëKȐJ0-ELÒ÷:
\.;XSKK!µÖíŒ#K(í£Ú:\výíJùRX7/G:EL!-<YSîÑFL
I-":1:I2V!HKû<J0-ES!µÖíŒ#J(í£Ú:\ùRU.G;X©ûÁ
K‹)íI°ÍG!>K°ÍJß;X7/#6J•Ê;XȐG2E½YX&*">7F!â
$¶—-(neg`hmphL!7KU.IµÖíŒ#Jß;X©ûÁK¢síàð\8éJ
Ðñ};XN5!â®K%;J0-E2-VY?&ïòíI'-Úí“üŸK(7Jß;X¿
Ð\²Q?">Kœ2!â$¶—-(neg`hmph+
"ÇF,W!ž«FLÝ5Kû<L!
-w(7T&ïòíI'-Úí“üŸK(7J5X7GI5!õÇJ‹D-E!µÖíŒ#K
&
&
?G/M!Hayes v. Plantations Steel Co.,&
%
*A.$d#
"+#
&R.I.#
+
*$'J06X´<KU.J!ºªJ¾-¼2GB
?¦ô2!¾-¼K`jc_flK|FGVYE-?ħ(he made his decision on his own initiative)JL!
õ(7J‹D-E-ÚJ(í£Ú:2ùRVYX7GLI-"
&
'
7KU.I´qG:E!B’Nai Sholom v. Martin,%
*
$Mich.(
'
+,#)
%N.W.$d'"
&&#+
(
+'2,X"SBGS!õ
û›FL!ÓöíŒ#¼GÜKŒ#¼GKŠJL ‰í½x2,XG8Y!-w(7J‹D-EµÖíŒ#
K(í£Ú:2¥ë8YE-X"
&
(
€ózv#ՙ&&"
&
)
Perillo, op. cit. §(.$
&d'
,$
$
).
&
*
Ibid .
%)
#%
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
éД¿ûZÛPS1F<V…“H/VF:WV&+"BNU!99H0?U!©ü†E/A
?¥¾Ð~ä5!]hi_‡îéH30D!éú¶IzÜF;DÛPTW?IE/V"9W5
Æ¢IæüIÝýE/V"
N=!Æ$¦‡îéicd^ehkeJ!>I+
"¹#˜H30D!î¿ÐƒÞŽIéùZ¦
IS1H΂<V"<GY@!î¿5­îª&N?JƟª'IžoN?JãžoZñs<V
9FHB6!Èîª5™ùÐHò€<M6·™E/AD(ö‹l)
!©œHî¿5>IS1G
žoN?JãžoZñs;D3U(ö‹m)
!î¿HéД¿ûZó2V9FHSADIO¼
'
"
‚5©:WV·™HJ(ö‹n)
!&º÷øtIÓE'
î¿HéД¿û5ÛPTWV(‘
w)F<VIE/V">IÚôJ!}êÐHJÒÔÐGî¿ÐƒÞŽIéùHÅ67®¼Zv
2VQIEJG0'#"
9WHÂ;!×¹$˜J!¥¾Ð~ä*charitable subscription+
&3SL!šr³‰ÐãÖ ²æ*marriage settlement+
'H|;DJ!î¿5žoN?JãžoZñs;?9F5´ì:W
G7DQ!>Iî¿J×¹#˜H}C0DéД¿ûZï<V£ZÎ<V"9WHSU!¥
¾Ð~äH|;DJ!×¹#˜J¦IS1HÙOÄ2TWV9FHGV"<GY@!­îª&N
?JƟª'IžoN?JãžoZ!Èîª5™ùÐHò€<M6·™E/AD(ö‹l.
)
!
©œHžoN?Jãžo5—YWD3U(ö‹m.
)
!î¿HéД¿ûZó2V9FHSAD
IO¼‚5©:WV·™HJ(ö‹n)
!&º÷øtIÓE'î¿HéД¿û5ÛPTW
V(‘w)FGV"
9WTIö‹I1@!ö‹nJ!>W¨Á5RR̵ÐGÚôE/U!©œI›ÝH30D
íÇF:WVa$cJNWE/V'$";?5AD!¥¾Ð~äIéД¿ûZqßÐHÛPV
?PHJ!qßÐGg\kfj^bk`{ÖH38V¥¾Ð~ä5ö‹l.
3SLö‹m.
Zë
?;D0V45íÇFGV"
N=!ö‹m.
HB0DŒÕ<VH!½±;?S1H!¥¾ÉÁJ»—<V¥¾{ÖZŠx
;?12E!>WHâöG¤„Z¯PV?PH!g\kf#j^bk`{ÖZ—1">1E/
VF<WK!¥¾Ð~ä5G:WVÊyE!¥¾ÉÁJ~ä 5õ0TWVòÎI{ÖH&u
T4I'ˬ;D0VI5͸E/V";?5AD!qßÐG¥¾Ð~äH|;DŽ2K!ö
‹m.
J°À:WV"Q@X[!¥¾Ð~äHœ;D¥¾ÉÁ5NA?7{ÖHˬ;D0G
0·™!ö‹m.
I°ÀJàÎ:W!;?5AD!¥¾Ð~äIéД¿ûJàÎ:WV9F
HGV5!ØHíÇJG0E/X1"
!
!
9WHÂ;!ö‹l.
H|;DJíÇ5¡V"4UH!uT4IùðHSU!¥¾ÉÁ5Ï
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
§;?{ÖFJpGV{ÖZ—A?·™H!™ùÐHOD!~äªJ¥¾ÉÁI9IS1GÃ
&+
Thel & Yorio, The Promissory Basis of Past Consideration,)
*Va.L.Rev.#"
&',#"*
"%#
"*
#&#+
+
$'
.
'"
á’#½ˆ+'ç"
'#
Restatement&Second'of Contract §+
"reporter’s note&#
+
*
#'HSWK!>I«öGè•ÑJ!î¿ÐƒÞŽIé
ùH}C0D!î¿HåæÐG”¿ûZÛPV9F5–Î:WD0VÑE/VF:WV"G3!ÒÔÐGî
¿ÐƒÞŽIéùH38V,î¿Zº÷;?5H-F01ö‹J!+"¹#˜H30DJ!
,î¿5­îªN
?JƟªIžoN?JãžoZñs;D0V*a promise which***induce
&s'action or forbearance on the part of
the promisee or a third person+
-F:WD0V"
'$
Farnsworth, op. cit. §$.#
+,+
(%+
). G3!9Iö‹5íÇF:W?ÝýF;D!Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.,&)
+N.
W.$d%*
)&Minn.#
+
+
$'
.
%)
$%
^hi`ŠñïH05W¤½Ò€íIïҔÁû
×[ô:L3E,Y.1"R@Y\!¤½ËÅ2=IT.GÇ×[FA>ùóHRTWE,
Y.2!³™HTADJ!€í¨2=IT.GÇ×[ô:W6FJE3G-F8D!øŒl+
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
I¬Â2èÐ7XWvä¸2,W"7UH!¤½ËÅ2€íŸI÷Ö[ÞÐ8Dg]kf#
j_bkazÛ[–A>HR11ZU;!¤½ËÅ2²‚IT.GÇ×[FA>³™HJ!=
Ivä¸27UH˜OWE,Y."G<GUK!=IT.G¶†H0-D€í¨2ô:L3
¤½ËÅI–ÛJ!÷Ö2¢Ð7XD-G-³™FéLDTVÐ7XWF•/W1UE,W"
>?!…H/K!¤½ËÅ2€í¨HÆ8DѦ8>zÛ[–.F-.Ï´I¶†H0DJ!6X[€í¨2ôE3WIJؾE,V!øŒl+
2¬Â7XW6FHGW"8>2A
D!=IöG|Ô1U:XK!È IîüIåýJ!¤½Ò€íIïҔÁû[qçÒHáQ
WùóF8D!ÓºE,WFìu7XT.)'"
%*&m²H0-Dž±8D3>¤½Ò€íIïҔÁûH}:W^hi`ŠñïI„þ[{
ÊHOFQWGUK!¥IT.HGW"
^hi`IÄ4Išå¯J!‘41U¤½Ò€íHÆ8D’pÒE,V!=IïҔÁû[
“4áQT.F8D3>">?!ñrïùS%ÕÙÒG&ñÁ҈æIïùH~C-D=I
ïҔÁû[áQT.F:W£PJ!Þ©G¶†H0-DIP»Ýû[ò:WHúOA>"8
18!6IT.Gšå¯I‰ãJ!ÕÙÒGñÁ҈æIïù[«¹8>È&¥Šñïic
d_ehke$µIo[áQW6FHTV!qtIw‹J·UXD-W)(">?8!ܵH
TVïҔÁû[áQW³™!¤½Ò€í[ª5D–A>¤½ËÅIzÛ2!€í¨2™ùÒ
Hô8>RIE,A>1F-.Ô2ïҔÁûHõ/Ws‡[•/Wêø2,W))"
$!),"&+"('#%*
!!:>=%';."(2$4580<'=836@&/#)*,-+1?='97
¤½Ò€íIïҔÁûH}:W^hi`ŠñïIqtIÚÉÔF¡ZXWÈ IîüIå
ý[!àðïFéy8G2U!=IÞÎ[OFQXK!¥IT.HGWE,Y."
O;!ÈqIÞÎJ!^hi`ŠñïH0-DJ!)¤½¸'charitable(
*F-.xâ2Šñ
IïҔÁûHs‡û[õ/WF-.ÔE,W"¼®8>T.H!^hi`ŠñïH0-D!
ŠñIïҔÁû[åÌ:WRAFR­øGŽÀJñrïùE,W">?!6IñrïùHJ
-4B1I­øG«¹ø¿2Ü:W"¤½¸J!6I­øG«¹ø¿F8DIÍn[õ/U
XD-WIE,W"=I6FJ!È&¥Šñïicd_ehke$µ&—2!¤½¸[°5K
MNÜ9pƒ[ò:W"promise to make a gift#F-.xâEJG4!,/D"charitable subscription#F-.xâ[÷-WÔHëXD-W)*"
¥H!ÈßIÞÎJ!¤½Ò€íH›8D€í¨2ô8>%,W-J!™ùÒHô:L
3F7X>&¤½zÛF§›H¤½ËÅ2–A>zÛFIÿ!2!¤½Ò€íIïҔÁûH
)
'
Perillo, op. cit. §*.&
%d&
,&
&
+; Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.%
-,&.
)
(
Perillo, op. cit. §*.&
%d&
,&
&
+; Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.%
-,&.
)
)
City of Palm Springs v. Living Desert Reserve,+
$Cal. App.*
%
',,
&Cal. Rptr.&d,)
-%%-&
.
)
*
Restatement%Second&of Contract §$cmt. f%%
,
%&
.
$+
'$
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
w˜]K1Y}-Ú4.YG/0ýF.Y"
!
!
!
TA[^!Ããòé4:ÈJê;E'úLÃã†$]²09G]Hè;!?LHèGÃã
û:G4¨ŠûJÌu:ZE/YIWN!Ããòé4HèGrIY²$]²09GM!Hè
(H)s1GIX!9ZJy<@@û”º4ïHÈF.Y:ÈJê;EK1WZY9GM
/0PFTI/"9LV0I"bilateral contract#G)A@LçCHGMˆäJtõ=Y‚,
FMI/4!/>ZL‚,Tµp*agreement+]®ÛNæG;!µp(LJê=Ys1JC
5@û”º4FîGIYýJ2/EM–ù;E/Y"
;@4BE!)A@GL4ƒFQ@G5JöE=O5M!Ããòé4:ÈJê;E'úL
Ãã†$]²09G]Hè;E/I/(9LýJ=Yµp4žÛ:ZE/I/)JT33\
W>!Ããòé4'úL†$]²09GJê;E:È4I;E/Y(t?ûI)‘ë4!µ
RÚ]/óÐG;E!HL@û­èSJw˜]K1Y}-Ú4.Y!G/0ýF.Y"T
A[^!\4¶J2/ET!µpLWJ.YÁJ4HL@û­èSJw˜]K1Y}-Ú
4.Y9GM!3KEVXË÷:ZE/Y)+"R;[!?LV0IÁJLtCG;E!Ããû
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
:J27Y:ÈLµRû‘ëG/03IX›éûIÁJ].8E/Y9G4!_jla
H@L'øG/1YF.[0"P@!í&ŝH@lcf`gjmg$Ö%³&<4!?LV
0I‘ëJD/EHèJ@û­èS4*SWZYG;ET!?LHès1Jê=Y”ºM×
PQxL3oJÙ¦:ZYG;),!@û­èSL(L]3IX›é{;E/Y9GT!?L'
øG/1Y"
!!'&"%$#(
nÔLV0IÜR]TGJ!,Ããû:-I/;,ÃãÚ-G/0‚,4I=Y@ûªS
]DW3J=YG/0FîpÆLzF!·§¢!47NGIY¤•~î]DW3J;!A±L
PGSG;@/"
ítýG;E!?T?TÃãû:I/;ÃãÚGM|3!G/0ýF.Y"t2J!Ãã
û:M¬pI/;‰ÉEûF²\ZY:G:ZY"9ZM!¥ÇTœG;ELÃãû:
LÀ8GIY‚,FM.Y4!@ûªS],#Jô6G5!.W@SE?Lú’4F\ZI7
ZNIWI/"9LýJC/EM!à²=Y_jlaL„ß#/U]»Ó;CC)-!\4¶J
27YT‚,GT¿\ZY,©xÚ-U,5vQÚ-G/B@‚,GLr%T"P1I4W!
ú’D7]²07N4.Y"
)+
µpLWJ.YÁJJC5túL3oFHL@û­èSJw˜]K1Y9G]*SYO53G/0Fî
Jê=Y¤•M!\4¶J2/ETޙûJ²\ZE5@"?LñÑM!H‹VUHL€ÊIH!AOµ
p(LGIYO5ÁJJC5µp4žÛ:ZE/I/ÕµJ!?ZW]µp(LJŽSYO53G/0Œý
3WL¤•F.Y"?L§!h`e@L²qåVUEû9ÿðV!ikmc@Lb%dVIHJ3]&E!
HLEûLV0J!AOµp(LGIWI/ÁJT!túLÕµJMHL@û­èSJw˜]K1YO
53G/0Œý3WL¤•4²\ZYV0JIB@"§ÈJC5@G1N!0þ“×,Eûÿð@RL½û
.ü(t)'(¾)-áMì„@¡¤•(´&
->(%
+
)+)
!)´&
%>(%
-+
*+)
!*´%)>(%
+
++)!+´
%>(%+,+)!ÒGÎÝ,Eû9ÿðL;£&¹/=,#%%#%
&BÏ)
$‡%
$´&*
+
'>&-t—@„,‡%´
%>(&$$-+)!%,Eû9ÿð¸V&¹/=%
-#'#&
$/Ä%
-*
,´%&
(>&-t—@„,‡&´%
+
)>(&
$$+)!ؼ°¯,ŸKJ27Y,Eû-‚,&b%dRV]ͅ3XJ&-šì@„*
(´%>(%
--&+)
"
),
Farnsworth, op. cit. §&.%
-,+$6«#â )>'*>"
)-
@G1N/UG;E!Coulombe v. Salvation Army,&
$
$
&ME&
),+$A.&d)'(&$
$
&)
.
&+
(&
T[]VwÕÒC-2O‘©¾pÏDÒ¾€­á
µÅÀ@5>!µ#“wÕÒ]XYUZ[^Z)
!ž"ƒ/!‘©¾pÏC-2OpϗDr
²Cd½DÒ¾€­áSÇJ>*O‰uS¸s6OÍÝ/)O!@*+À?)O"8D‰u/
T[]VwÕÒD¬C×Þ6OKD?)OBNF!3P@bBO¬S@OR/†DwÕÒ
C!ÃDÄÛSœ6O3@E¿¦?EB*"3PC±5!8D‰u/‘©¾pÏB*5‘
©¤C×Þ6OKD?)OBNF!‘©¾pÏB*5‘©¤/Ö6OÒ¾|á@5>!R/†
C-*>Kœ6OÙº/)O@‚,O.N?)O"
µŽÀ@5>!‘©¾pÏB*5‘©¤@*+mÉ/R/†C-*>KÒ¾|áSÖ6Om
É@5>ÇJOG0?)O@5>K!ÆfBOq®DÒ£ÂSi5>3PS•y6O.!@*
+À?)O"¨š59M+C!R/†DÒ£ÂC®‹5B*‘©¾pÏB*5‘©¤@*+m
ÉS¼§’;‡I3@E!•½Òk˜nC-*>ÓH5*³Â?EB*"8+?)O@6PF!
6?Cxt/B4P>*O«ÚLŸ·Co6OÒ£Â:2?B1'!!ª…DM+BwÕÒD8
D¯D£Â!vÈ 51£½4P9d˖¹#Œ¹Ò¡ÒLj–Ò@*<9¹°ÒCo6O£
Â!4NCE!{BADaÎ”àâCH?ÔS}2OÍÝ/)O?)Q+"
`D$ÀS!ˆzDxth¶@47>*9:09*"
'
!
ÐÁ¢'›cpÏC=*>$pÏC-2OŸ·ÒàD¿Ügʤ(Ònxtâ™%_Š_´n&
#%„$
&Ñ%#
!!
!
È&!»ÁØ~'ÌeßÒ¡£Â@Ÿ·ÒDl¥(W\]XZ"
%
"%„'
'Ñ%#
!
""È&"
$(
&$
NUCB JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE vol.56 No.1
!"
!!